Ahrne, K., Bengtsson, J. & Elmqvist, T. Bumble bees (Bombus spp) along a gradient of increasing urbanization.
This effect might, however, be partly explained by a gradient of increasing clay content.
There was a gradient of increasing quality from the most degraded northern site to the main estuary, downstream.
Simulated treatments represented a gradient of increasing structural retention and decreasing harvesting frequencies, including a "no harvest" scenario.
The study area is a 240 km-long sand strip covered by forest communities with minimal variation in soil conditions along a natural gradient of increasing water stress.
Second, we observed a shift towards homogenized communities dominated by generalists along a gradient of increasing livestock production (p-values ≤ 0.001).
Deciduous-dominated, deciduous-dominated with conifer understory, mixed, and conifer-dominated forests were generally distributed (in order) across a gradient of increasing moisture and decreasing greenness.
The study evaluated 36 sites (12 hedgerows, 12 shelterbelts and 12 silvopastures) in central Alberta, Canada, distributed along a soil/climate gradient of increasing moisture availability.
The study was conducted in nine paired farms across a gradient of increasing distance to semi-native vegetation in Kibwezi, Kenya.
For each country, 7 10 study fields were sampled over a gradient of increasing proportion of semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape.
On the contrary, for the less mobile pest species [Anthonomus pomorum, Phyllobius oblongus (Curculionidae)] we did find a decline in abundance along the gradient of increasing pesticide toxicity.
