Greater deforestation in West Africa relative to Central Africa [24], [25] provides a comparative framework for assessing the evolutionary implications of changes to the rainforest-savanna gradient for species that inhabit both regions.
In the CPE, Cl- movement intracellularly is driven by an outwardly-directed transmembrane gradient for HCO3- that is created by the basolateral Na+, HCO3- -cotransport [ 250].
Substituting Equations 13a and 14 into Equation 5 and deriving according to Equation 2b give the fitness gradient for alleles that code for maternal care of daughters.
Similarly, substituting Equations 13b and 15 into Equation 5 and differentiating according to Equation 2b give the fitness gradient for alleles that code for maternal care of sons.
Clicking on the plot area will give access to the gradient style; the setting for that are Plot Area Fill Gradient Radial Centered Far Left White, 30% Ultramarine Blue, 55% Deep Navy Blue, no Line, Shadow, Glow or 3-D Format.
On the other hand, we observed a north-to-south-gradient for PMTRA that was consistent with population density and the location of major arterial roads in the HNR study area.
Likewise, there is no difference between the fitness gradients for mutations that increase maternal (Gf) or paternal (Gm) care of sons, which are both G u (z m, z f ) = ∂ s m (z m, z f ) ∂ z u 1 s m (z m, z f ) [ (1 − 1 N ) + 1 N ] = ∂ s m (z m, z f ) ∂ z u 1 s m (z m, z f ), (20) u ∈ {m, f}.
To grasp the breadth and depth of social gradient research, we began by searching for SES gradient studies that reported results for women and men separately.
Superposition of radial basis functions centered at given prototype patterns constitutes one of the most suitable energy forms for gradient systems that perform nearest neighbor classification with real-valued static prototypes.
The fitness gradients for alleles that code for paternal care are obtained in the same way using Equation 2a.
