Interestingly, the plastidic compartment revealed the largest cluster diameter based on the maximum clusterwise normalized Manhattan distance (0.16±0.02; 0.24) compared to the cytosolic (0.13±0.03; 0.17) and vacuolar (0.14±0.01; 0.19) compartment (within-gradient diameter as mean ± SD followed by between-gradient diameter).
The shear parameter β, which is based on the velocity gradient, cylinder diameter and upstream mean velocity at the center plane of the cylinder, varies from 0 to 0.27.
It can be seen that, for the tip-like single nanowire grown on the Ti-grid surface, the diameters of a cylindrical cross section decrease with the increasing length to form a gradient of diameters along the length of the nanowire.
The gradient of diameters along the length of a tip-like nanowire replaces the effect of various size particles.
The same concept was used in static culture module II (Fig. 1B), however a silicone O-ring spacer with gradient thickness (outside diameter 30 mm, inside diameter 15 mm, gradient thickness from the thin side to the thick side: 0.5 3 mm) was used, thus the cell-loaded porous membrane was tilted in the medium.
MR brain imaging was performed using a 9.4 T animal scanner based on a horizontal superconducting magnet (Magnex, Scientific Ltd., Yarnton, UK) with a bore size of 16 cm equipped with a 10-cm inner diameter gradient coil and a gradient strength of 270 mT/m [ 30].
In principle, tapered NW structures possess an axial linear diameter gradient providing simultaneously an axial gradient for the effective refractive index.
Briefly, mouse MRI measurements were performed using a 4.7 T Bruker Avance horizontal bore system equipped with a 200 mm inner diameter gradient set capable of 30 G/cm gradient strength or a 7T Bruker Pharmascan system.
However, gradient or alternating diameter nanopore arrays with designed interpore distances have not been possible.
Impact energy showed stronger correlation to pores' diameter gradient than to porosity.
With increasing sample thickness, the columns of pores begin to merge creating a gradient in pore diameter of up to several hundreds of microns.
