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Each orientation histogram divides the gradient angle range into a fixed number of bins.
For surface gradient angle calculation, SPIP™ was used again and the gradient angles are calculated in ion beam projection direction.
The curve of c′-c′ 0 verse u a -u w, shown in Fig. 12, expresses that the relationship of c′-c′ 0 and u a -u w is linear and the gradient angle of the linear curve is 19.5°.
The maximum contact force of the shoulder joint estimated with our approach was 863 N (average 542 N) for the test that simulated wheelchair motion on a flat surface, 1519 N (average 780 N) for motion on a ramp inclined on 2 degrees (equivalent to about 8 W) and 1827 N (average 907 N) in the test simulating wheelchair motion on a ramp with a gradient angle of 4° (about 16 W).
It consists of a metal beam (Ø 1 cm, length 122 cm) coated with rubber attached to a rotarod apparatus (gradient angle upwards of 10°) which controls the constant rotating speed (4 rpm and 8 rpm).
Finally, we tested the topology of a maximum likelihood tree of only sequences recovered at our sites using the program GenGIS (Parks et al. 2009) to identify the optimal linear gradient angle (the angle resulting in the fewest number of crossings, or incongruences, between phylogeny and geography) for our maximum likelihood trees of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium (Parks et al. 2009).
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Figure 4 Height profiles and distribution of the surface gradient angles of Figure 3f.
The values of the second directional derivatives of the curvature in its isophote and gradient directions can be computed without actually calculating the isophote and gradient angles.
With the stress path q-p curves, the effective strength K f lines can be drawn as the common tangent lines of effective stress paths, and the total effective cohesion c' and friction angle φ' can be calculated by intercept b and gradient angles α of K f lines with eq. (5).
Several angles are tested as the dominant upwinding direction, including the local flow and velocity-magnitude-gradient angles.
Only a few studies computed gradient-sign maps (Formisano et al. 2003; Petkov et al. 2006) or analyzed gradient-angle distributions (Langers and van Dijk 2012).
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