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The primary study endpoint is maximum walking duration (MWD) on a graded treadmill test; secondary endpoints include community-based walking, markers of cardiovascular disease risk (body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and plasma fibrinogen), health-related quality of life, and cost effectiveness.
Breath-by-breath data obtained from indirect calorimetry during a graded treadmill test were used to measure substrate oxidation and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on 47 males (30 athletes (ATL) and 17 non-athletes (NATL)).
The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a graded treadmill test (ATL-10.100, Inbramed, Porto Alegre, Brazil) according to the Bruce's modified protocol [19], and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was calculated as previously described [17].
All subjects underwent a screening graded treadmill test to exclude those with asymptomatic coronary artery disease.
On the first day a graded treadmill test protocol was completed to determine maximal running velocity (Vmax).
Cardiorespiratory fitness was tested by a graded treadmill test of 5 to 11 min duration (dependent on self-rated fitness) using the h/p/cosmos quasar device [ 30].
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The primary outcome was change from baseline to 6 months in mean maximal treadmill walking distance, determined from using the Gardner-Skinner graded exercise treadmill test with electrocardiographic monitoring (17).
Results of that study showed significant improvement in all functional tests including the timed-chair rise, Six Minute Walk Test, gait tests, and graded exercise treadmill tests (Mangione et al 1999).
Before exercise, subjects underwent comprehensive physiologic and behavioral assessments, including graded exercise treadmill testing with direct measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and measurement of cardiovascular (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and rate pressure product) and neuroendocrine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) responses to mental arithmetic.
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured by indirect calorimetry during a graded treadmill exercise test on a motorized treadmill.
Aerobic fitness is directly assessed through the modified Bruce treadmill protocol (treadmill-based graded exercise test) [ 28], which assesses volitional peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) using a metabolic cart (Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400 Metabolic Measurement System).
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