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Tests on specimens from API X80 grade pipe demonstrated a common pattern of CTOA development for 4, 8 and 10 mm gauge thickness material.
A comparison between X80 grade pipe and X70 grade pipe indicates that the critical compressive stress decreases rapidly as the pipe grade becomes higher.
The hardening exponent of X80 grade pipe is higher than that of the X70 grade pipe; whereas the critical compressive stress of the former is lower than that of the latter.
As Fig. 13 suggests, the internal pressure has a negative influence on the critical compressive stress, and at the same internal pressure, the critical compressive stress of the X80 grade pipe is lower than that of the X70 grade pipe.
With the same hardening exponent, the critical compressive stress of X80 grade pipe is larger than that of X70 grade pipes.
The critical compressive strain increases nonlinearly with the internal pressure, and its value of the higher grade pipe (X802) is lower than that of the lower grade pipe (X702) (Fig. 18), which is different from the relationship between critical compressive stress and internal pressure.
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Maternal education at or beyond the primary grade level, piped water supply, weight-for-age z score, and improved water-storage practices were the most significant determinants of disease in this community with living conditions comparable to many rural areas in the developing world.
Kenny Wright, in eighth grade, piped in, "You could have more discussion instead of all the same thoughts".
As compared to commercial non-pressure grade pipes (NP3 type), significant strength improvement, under three-edge-bearing test (∼129.4%), is achieved in the pipes made using the modified concrete mix.
Compared with X70 grade pipes, the critical bending moment of X80 grade pipes decreases more rapidly.
This is because the yield strength of higher grade pipes is larger, so the stress state level of higher grade pipes is higher.
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