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Though a "weak-willed" agent is hardly a paradigm example of someone who governs herself when she acts, she too plays a decisive role in the relative power of her own motives; she authorizes her behavior, even though she believes that she has good reason to act otherwise.
A fourth conception of personal autonomy offers a very different response to the challenge of distinguishing (i) the determining causes that prevent an agent from governing herself when she employs her reason from (ii) the causes that determine how an agent governs herself when she reasons.
Similar(58)
She was left to govern herself in a world that suddenly had no rules and, just as frightening, was emptied of its larger, steadying purpose.
"The central issue," he said then, "was whether the university was to continue to govern herself in an age-old and tested manner, or whether she was to reverse her earlier pattern of thoughtful, independent behavior to begin now to be governed by outside pressure".
So, too, someone whose practical reasoning was directly manipulated by others would not govern herself by means of this reasoning.
Most importantly, it seems as though a person can govern herself even if she does not understand the significance of what she is doing.
If an agent fails to govern herself when she acts, this must be because what she does is independent of her power to determine how she will act.
Though plans often enable a person to exercise some measure of control over her life as a whole, a person can govern herself at a particular time even while defying her earlier attempts to place constraints on how she will govern herself at this time.
Consider, for example, an alleged paradigm case of an agent who fails to govern herself: a person who takes drugs even though she would rather resist the motivating force of her addiction.
But even if we could spell out this distinction in a satisfactory way, we still face the problem of explaining why an agent's capacity to respond to external reality is relevant to her capacity to govern herself.
According to the incompatibilist, if the unwilling addict fails to govern herself, this is because her motives are determined by past states of affair over which she does not have (and never did have) any control.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com