The education system was also in crisis and, in 2008, government schools effectively closed for a large part of the academic year as teacher salaries dropped to the equivalent of less than US$2 per month.
For many black men and women, criminal histories have effectively closed off the already shrinking avenue of government employment, which helped build the black middle class.
After unsuccessful negotiations with the Chinese government to operate an uncensored search engine in China, Google effectively closed Google.cn and rerouted traffic to an uncensored site in Hong Kong.
The currency was devalued, all price and wage controls were abolished, government spending was cut, and the state-owned tin mines were effectively closed.
Even when the wider L.A. community of critics, audiences and even government officials warned of the disastrous economic and cultural impacts of the proposal, Equity effectively closed its ears and its mind.
Some credit markets have effectively closed up shop.
Schools have been effectively closed for the past three months.
The swing happened despite the centrist coalition government putting razor wire on Austria's border with Hungary, deporting thousands of refugees and demonstratively excluding Greece from the summit that effectively closed the Balkan route.
That market is effectively closed.
It effectively closed in 2010.
