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This instrumentalisation of humanity could only be reversed, Marcuse maintained, by challenging the social processes which had led the governing value system to change from pleasure, joy, play and receptiveness to delayed satisfaction, the restraint of pleasure, work, productiveness and security.
For the various control perimeters, that is, for different values of a and ratio a/d the following theoretical analysis was done, according to Halvonik et al. (2016): the reduced punching shear force VEd,red (a) of various control perimeters was calculated, and as a governing value was adopted the minimum value of VEd,red (a).
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5 Test the action and gather data to validate; norms and governing values are adapted.
Theories-in-use often represent the single-loop norms and governing values on which everybody unconsciously agrees.
The other option is to cross boundaries and, apart from changing the norms, also redesign governing values, which means the entire action process changes.
Yet at the same time, the solutions applied could also be described as double-loop learning actions, resulting from reflection on norms and governing values.
Structuring by levels is important, not only because it furnishes us with the tectonic laws governing values, but also because it provides us with criteria with which to distinguish, at least in some cases, authentic values from bogus ones.
One is the double-loop action and adapts the norms within the boundaries of governing values, so as to design a new solution and experiment and test this on the spot.
However, as our discussion of reflective practices and professional artistry shows, a new theory-in-use can emerge that specifies double-loop norms and governing values on which most people agree when they are made explicit; examples are valid information, free and informed choice and internal commitment to the choices made (Argyris and Schön 1974: 87).
B Pre-evaluate the effect of the action by 'ante-action-reflection' (does not happen with triple loop untested or spontaneous actions); execute the task and return to A. The final option, which is not included in the models of Argyris nor Schön, is to effectuate a triple-loop action, which is disruptive and constitutes a radical, paradigmatic change from existing norms and governing values.
These meanings then often become part of the cultural and social norms that govern values and behaviours [ 10].
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