The ability to understand complex biological processes by characterizing the activity of the molecular machinery governing processes such as DNA replication, transcription, transposition, recombination, protein synthesis, protein degradation and RNA processing, have greatly advanced our understanding of the living cell.
Similar to the Hedgehog pathway, the Wnt pathway is implicated in directing embryonic growth, and governing processes such as cell fate specificity, proliferation, polarity, and migration.
Moreover, signaling pathways that govern processes such as cytoskeletal remodeling, proliferation, gene expression, and metabolic regulation all involve the transient formation of higher-order protein complexes.
Among these examples, we will describe how emerging investigations point the way toward the use of nanotopographic patterning as a means to probe the stem cell niche and ultimately to guide stem cell fate through mechanical cues that govern processes such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Through downstream mediators such as MAPK, FAK, PI-3K, Src and PLC-γ, PDGFRs also govern processes such survival, proliferation and angiogenesis (reviewed in [ 15, 18]).
These insights should impact on how we design studies to define and characterise functional elements that govern processes such as developmentally-linked gene expression and monoallelic expression of virulence-linked multigene families.
MAPKs constitute an important group of signaling mediators that govern cellular processes such as proliferation and cell death.
The actin capping and severing protein, gelsolin, is thought to be critical to the regulation of focal adhesion, podosome, invadopodium, and other critical functions that govern normal processes, such as wound healing and also disease processes, such as tumor progression 20– 20.
Replications of social inequality in governing process.
F-box proteins, subunits of SKP1-cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) type of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, have been validated to play a crucial role in governing various cellular processes such as cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and metastasis.
MiRNAs play major roles in governing diverse biological processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis [ 3, 4].
