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As conceptualized in the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), ecosystem services consist of a wide variety of services that provide people with material goods (provisioning services), regulate aspects of the human environment (regulating services) or connect people with their environment and their community (cultural services).
Collecting ecosystem goods (provisioning services), as well as tourism and other recreational activities, provide good examples of circumstances when the users' presence can affect an ecosystem's capacity to provide other services.
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The term "public goods provision" used in this paper mainly focuses on this function.
Second, scholars use intermediate output indicators to measure the level of public goods provision.
Existing studies typically use three methods to measure the performance of public goods provision (Jia and Lu 2010).
If the reform is not forthcoming, the decision on public goods provision must rely on redistributional concerns.
We found that farm structure and farmer's entrepreneurship impact on the economic performance and are also relevant in explaining differences in environmental goods provision.
Consequently environmental goods provision would seem to be a consequence of the right balance between increasing farm efficiency in the use of productive factors and the level of entrepreneurship.
However, the rise of PSCs is made possible by the neoliberal economic and privatization policies of the state under the policy doctrine of shifting the burden of public goods provision (including security) to society (Lippert and O'Connor 2003; Chandler 2013).
Thus environmental goods provision is spatially dependent on differences in farm performance or the quality of local institutions and the effects of policy targeting by policy makers (Yang et al., [2014]).
Parallel to the literature on public goods provision, individual appropriation decreases with the marginal damage to the group that occurs through appropriation and increases in the private benefit from appropriation.
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