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We resuspended 5 gm of cells in Ni-NTA binding/lysis buffer (4 ml/gm of cells) containing 2 mg/ml lysozyme and incubated in an ice bath for 45 minutes, inverting tube every 30 seconds.
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To investigate whether this phenotype reflects a specific requirement for Gmd in FNG-dependent Notch signaling, or a more general requirement for Gmd in Notch signaling, we created clones of cells homozygous for Gmd.
Adding tunicamycin to the culture medium of cells transfected with GM-CSF del) also yielded a sinGM-CSF delglycosylalso species of about 18 kDa, but secretion was at a significantlyielded level than either the 29-kDa hyperglycosingled GM-CSF(del) proteinon-N-glycosylatedycin-treated cellspeciese 18-kDa nof-N-glycosylaboutfull-length GM-CSF from tunicamycin-treated cells.
Inclusion of TGF-β also lowered the frequencies of GM-CSF+ cells (Fig. 5F), but had no effect on TNF-α+ frequencies (Fig. 5G).
Culture of Th17 cells in the presence of IL-12 led to rapid up-regulation of GM-CSF and IFNγ, recapitulating the phenotype of GM-CSF expressing cells within the joint.
Therefore, we included IFN-γ-blocking antibody in the culture and found that a combination of IL-7 and anti-IFN-γ induced the highest frequency of GM-CSF+ cells, where few IL-17+ or IFN-γ+ cells were detected.
Surprisingly, only 10% of GM-CSF+ cells were found to be IL-17+.
Inclusion of IL-6 in iTreg-cell restimulation cultures also reduced the frequencies of GM-CSF+ cells (Fig. 5A and C).
We found that addition of 0.5 ng/ml IL-7 greatly increased the frequency of GM-CSF-producing cells and the secretion of GM-CSF, which were further increased upon increase in IL-7 concentration (1 ng/ml).
Here, our work demonstrates that IL-7 through STAT5 activation induces the generation of pathogenic TH-GM cells for GM-CSF production in mediating neuroinflammation.
Analysis of host CD4+ cells confirmed the presence of Foxp3− GM-CSF+ cells, demonstrating that this finding was not due to technical failure of anti-GM-CSF staining.
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