Thus, it seems that the new economic globalization measure (the KOF index), which is a broader comprehensive index, is a better proxy for openness.
Although what anti-globalization measures President-elect Trump will take and what will happen in European politics in the next few years are mostly in the domain of unknowns, there are a few trends that will no doubt continue.
Globalization is measured as the ratio of total exports to total sales (Glob) to show that exports and internationalization have positive significant effects on innovation [59].
The results of our analysis (Spearman's correlations, and simple and multiple linear regression analyses) indicate that the infant morality rate, under-five mortality rate and adult mortality rate all show a negative association with the process of globalization (as measured by the MGI).
Consistent with economic globalization, general reform measures included removal of government subsidies, reduction of import tariff and non-tariff barriers, removal of controls on interest rates, wages and prices, restructuring and sale of government assets and reform of tax structures including the application of a neutral goods and services tax (GST) in 1986 [ 60].
How do they help us "measure" globalization?
Part of the disconnect results from the way globalization's promoters measure "progress".
It's a measure of globalization's success — and hubris, perhaps — that its original icon appears literal and unsophisticated.
Bill Clinton has, in fact, taken the measure of globalization and has foreseen the necessity of reforms both domestic and international to navigate into that future, indeed to survive in it.
In this paper we use an indicator-based approach [ 22] linking the Maastricht Globalization Index (MGI) (a measure of globalization) to important health indicators, correcting for possible confounding factors.
The presence of veterinary drug residues in foodstuffs of animal origin may jeopardize international trade following the World Trade Organization's agreements on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures establishing the globalization of markets (Chillaud 1996).
