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In 2007, fish was 15.7% of the global intake of animal protein and 6.1% of all protein consumed.
Compared with unprocessed red meat, mean global intake of processed meat was much lower at 13.7 g/day (95% UI 13.2 14.3; table 3 and figures 4 6).
In contrast to global increases in intakes of fruits and nuts/seeds, and stable intake of vegetables, the global intake of whole grains decreased between 1990 and 2010, by −8.5 g/day (−13.9 to −4.2; figure 5).
For the 3 occasions, subjects were given similar daily meals at the same predetermined hours (breakfast at 8 30 am, lunch at 1 00 pm and dinner at 7 00 pm), with a global intake of 1960 kcal/24 h (P 19%, L 32%, G 49%).
Mean global intake of nuts/seeds was 8.9 g/day (95% UI 8.3 9.5), with tremendous variation by region (>100-fold; from 0.3 to 32.6 g/day; table 3 and figures 3 and 5) and nation (roughly 1000-fold; from 0.2 to 152.7 g/day; see eTable 3).
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Thus, our findings represent the best available, yet still imperfect, data on global intakes of key foods.
12 13 Assessments of urinary-based measures of sodium paint a similarly dire picture; estimates show that global intakes are approximately 3950 mg/day, nearly twice the recommended value.
To quantify global intakes of key foods related to non-communicable diseases in adults by region (n=21), country (n=187), age and sex, in 1990 and 2010.
While several high income countries have recently established national or subnational policy efforts to reduce trans fat consumption, 54 55 little prior data was available on global intakes of trans fat.
This is the first study to provide comprehensive and comparable quantitative estimates, based on individual-level global intakes and their uncertainties, of key foods influencing chronic diseases, including by region, country, age, sex and time.
This systematic investigation provides, for the first time, to our knowledge, quantitative estimates based on individual-level dietary assessments of global intakes of key foods influencing chronic diseases, including by region, country, age and sex; as well as uncertainty in these estimates.
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