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The glacial temperatures may shock theatergoers who saw "Evita" three decades ago.
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Then, suddenly, the planet plunged into a deep freeze, returning to near-glacial temperatures for more than a millennium before getting warm again.
However, during glacial maxima temperature gradients were more intense, and in some upland areas temperatures were 10°C lower than present [ 42].
The traditional view of the placement of ice during the LGM derived in large measure from the landmark Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) project of the late 1970s and early 1980s that estimated ice extent from observations on sea surface temperatures, glacial ice, and albedo (CLIMAP 1981, Denton and Hughes 1981).
The program is designed to determine climate conditions and change in both the recent past (i.e. during the last glacial maximum, when temperatures were cooler than at present) and the more distant past (i.e. in the pre-Quaternary, when global temperature was several degrees higher than it is today).
Forty-thousand yeago ago was "right in the middle of the last glacial period, when temperatures, on average, were significantly colder than today," Simon Pendleton, lead author of the study and a climate scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder, told Motherboard in an email.
During glacial periods cold temperatures existed at lower altitudes than today, allowing alpine grasslands to occur down to 2,500 masl, approximately 1,000 m below their current interglacial range (Lozano-García et al. 2005; Metcalfe 2006; Vázquez-Selem and Heine 2011).
The acute sensitivity of glacial erosion to temperature has complicated previous interpretations because temperatures must be cool enough to maintain ice yet warm enough to allow glacial sliding.
Okanagan Valley has come to be a prime winemaking region, thanks to well-drained glacial till, the temperature-modifying effects of the very deep 84-mile-long Okanagan Lake that runs through the heart of the valley, and a surfeit of sunshine (by Canadian standards, at least).
Distortions in the local vertical datum are mostly caused by periodic crustal deformations while the inconsistency between the LMSL and geoid (SST) is largely caused by short and long periodic factors, e.g. air pressure, ocean temperature, glacial melt, long periodic tides and polar motion, among other factors.
The biogeographical consequences of Pleistocene glaciations are generally thought of in terms of direct effects of glacial cover and temperature change on Northern Hemisphere biotas.
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