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With the caveat that the locations and extent of Pleistocene refugia for African tropical forests remain controversial (Lowe et al. 2010), it is possible that each of the five subclades within the F clade may represent the allopatric isolation of ancestral forest elephants into a separate glacial forest refugium (Brandt et al. 2012).
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Pollen assemblages in the early Holocene reflect a post-glacial forest dominated by Pinus, Tsuga, Betula and Quercus.
The first direct evidence of spruce in Northwest Alaska during the early Holocene has implications for the presence of forest refugia in Central Beringia and previously assumed routes and timing of post-glacial forest expansion in Alaska.
Contrary to the Podunajská lowland, which is situated eastwards towards the centre of the Pannonian Plain, broadleaf thermophilous trees such as Ulmus, Quercus and Tilia were almost absent in the study region, which suggests an importance of the bedrock for Late-Glacial forest vegetation.
The late-glacial forests may have had a more open canopy than today's.
During the late glacial Pinus forest developed around the lake, indicating cold and dry conditions.
The presence of the coprophilous fungi Sporormiella reveals the occurrence of herbivores in the glacial montane forest landscape.
SURROUNDED by forest, glacial peaks and the cobalt waters of the Strait of Georgia, this comfortable Vancouver Island town of 12,000 is a popular center for outdoor recreation on the far western fringe of Canada.
The range of laricio pine has been impacted by the Pleistocene glacial periods and forest has been recently fragmented by cutting and fires.
The Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area is home to tall eucalypt forests, glacial landforms and alpine and sub-alpine environments.
Carved out of wilderness areas, amid dense forests, glacial lakes and rugged mountains, these destinations allow 21st-century guests to experience 19th-century travel.
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