The Cockcroft and Gault formula was further shown to be a reliable estimate of GFR in twelve studies comparing the results of the estimate with methods giving true GFR values (inulin; 2 studies with 196 patients) or more accurate GFR values (10 studies with 1218 patients; 3 studies with 99m-Tc-DPTA; 4 studies with Cr-EDTA; 2 with iothalamate, 1 with hippuran (reviewed in [ 3, 4]).
While "high-energy breakthrough" measured in ionization chamber does not give true radioactivity values for each contaminant, it offers sufficient information about relative amount of high-energy radioactive impurities in the product.
Researchers created a game in which players were given the true value of an object on a scale of 1 to 10.
The impact of this factor should lead to a policy of sustainable management of water resources, in which the water should appear as a limited resource, a factor of production and a heritage to be preserved, thus to give the true value of water and its socio-economic importance.
When discrete measurements are compared with a gold standard giving the true value, precision, namely the variability of measurements due to random error of measurement can be assessed by the variability of bias.
Table 1 gives the true values of ED50 used in CTS and the range within which an estimate of ED50 must fall for a FIP study to be deemed successful in providing good D R information.
The temperature shows a positive effect on the birefringence value at given true strain levels.
Both tested methods give true (within the confidence interval) values of 1-naphtol concentration in the lake water spiked with MAC (100 μg L−1) of 1-naphtol.
The first assumption says that the observed measurements (X_{a}^) and (X_{a}^) are conditionally independent, given the true values X a and X s and the disease status.
Table 1 and Supplementary Table S1 give the true values of maximal response, ED50 and placebo response used in CTS, and the G/NG decision for a FIP study to be deemed successful in providing good G/NG decision making.
