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Given the observed variability in the observations, log log regressions are used to convert water levels to discharge and to derive continuous estimates of total phosphorus and nitrate.
Batch effects have been shown to be a significant concern in microarray experiments [36] and this study could be prone to such effects, given the observed variability across biological and technical repeats (Fig. 1).
We fit an autoregressive-1 correlation structure given the observed variability from empirical variograms.
Given the observed variability, the EEFs reported in the literature were averaged, and then, applied in (1) to calculate the individual estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQ i ).
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But given the observed large seasonal and spatial variability in water temperatures near Antarctica even in just the summer months—"one should be wary" of trend significance there, Jacobs says.
Given the observed area-specific differences, we were unable to identify robust predictions of within-city variability based on the same models for all cities (see Supplemental Material, Tables S2 S6).
Rubin suggests repeating the imputations many times (multiple imputation), by sampling from the predictive distribution of the missing data given the observed data, and then analyse each completed data set and combine the statistics considering the variability (5, 6).
Here and are mutually independent given the observed mean squares.
Such factors can contribute to explaining the observed variability in results.
For a given species, the value of these two parameters, in combination with species-specific height-dbh parameters, predicts average canopy status, crown radius and crown depth (Fig. 3); the within-species relationships between these 3 metrics and dbh (Figs 4, 5); and much of the observed variability for a given dbh (Fig. 5).
Hcy had the highest ICC (81%), indicating that most of the observed variability in a given assay is explained by between-subject variation, implying greater stability within individual patients upon repeated measurements over time.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com