He graduated from high school only because he was given course credit for hours he'd worked at Big Boppers Diner (from which he was fired after graduation).
When people have no idea of the consequences of a given course of action or inaction, they don't know which way to turn — or they turn both ways.
If such links can be reliably identified, it would enable universities to select students who are most likely to complete a given course irrespective of their socio-economic backgrounds.
A man navigating and running hard under the burden of a rifle and bergen (heavy backpack) while absolutely committed to passing a given course and carrying limited water might be expected to not drink enough.
Even the most upstanding of chief executives is sometimes tempted by policies whose legality is murky; he wants to ask advisers whether a given course of action would survive a court challenge.
For example, Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (c. 404 bce) contains marvelous renditions of speeches in which the leaders of different states attempt to persuade their listeners to follow a given course of action.
If a student union submission says that post-graduates on a given course have complained about their contact hours, the reviewers will want to find out more about this too.
Professors Arum and Roksa assume, wrongly in my opinion, that quantitative measurements — like the number of pages that students must read or write in a given course — accurately reveal whether a course is rigorous and whether students learn something of value.
This is the view that for one to freely choose to undertake a given course of action — say, to throw out the trash — one must have freely chosen the determinants that lead one to undertake that course of action, including one's antecedent desires and one's character (in this case, perhaps a desire for a filth-free home, among others).
The yield, in turn, is calculated by assuming that the average subsequent earnings of those who completed a given course of education, compared with the average earnings of those who stopped just short of it, provide a valuation of the increase in productivity that the course confers.
