Additional work will focus on the potential of OLAP-GIS in these different domains.
COM is a standard, which enhances software interoperability by allowing different GIS components, possibly written in different programming languages, to communicate directly (Matthew and Michael 2002).
Whilst strand of literatures on VR, AR, 3D GIS and memories scatter in different areas of research, combination of all these technologies is the first of its kind.
Conservation managers are accustomed to working with spatial information like vegetation units and land-use types in different GIS applications (i.e., Geographic Information System).
The ability of GIS to express spatial dataset variability in different groups has facilitated analysis of diseases in risk maps (Hay et al. 2009).
Three-dimensional GIS datasets, containing volumes and surfaces embedded in 3D, are being increasingly used as input in different applications, see Biljecki et al. [4] for an overview.
GIS has been used to triangulate qualitative methods (Pavlovskaya, 2006, Pavlovskaya, 2002), or in order to produce discrepancies in different types of data, that serve to raise research questions that otherwise would not be apparent (Kwan and Ding, 2008).
Risk maps of mosquito-borne diseases and vector distribution in different regions were also present in some articles using spatial analysis with Geographic Information System (GIS) [ 23, 47, 56].
We combined the outputs in a GIS project using different shapes, including the current natural reserve network.
The images for both 1984 and 2015 have been processed in Grass GIS using two different regions around the Azraq Oasis and the South Hasakah Lake (see Figs. 3a and 4a for 1984, and 3B and 4B for 2015 images).
