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In stars more massive than the Sun, after the red giant phase.
Red dwarfs will not pass through a red giant phase in their evolution.
This happened when BP Psc ran out of nuclear fuel and expanded into its "red giant" phase.
A particularly dangerous time for Earth, Dr. Silvotti said, would be at the end of the red giant phase when the Sun's helium ignites in an explosive flash.
Rather, BP has spent its nuclear fuel and expanded into its "red giant" phase – likely consuming a star or planet in the process.
After the red giant phase, the Sun will lose its outer layers leaving behind its helium-rich core (called white dwarf), which will gradually cool over the lifetime of the Universe.
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However, evolved stars develop convective envelopes during the giant phases for which tidal friction is expected to be effective.
All stars seem to evolve through the red-giant phase to their ultimate state along a straightforward path.
It has begun to expand in diameter as it progresses toward a red-giant phase, which is the end stage of a sun-like star's lifetime.
During the red-giant phase, the Sun's diameter will reach approximately where we are, at Earth's orbital distance.
The Kepler spacecraft has found planets with even shorter orbits of only a few hours, which places them within the star's upper atmosphere or corona, and these planets are Earth-sized or smaller and are probably the left-over solid cores of giant planets that have evaporated due to being so close to the star, or even being engulfed by the star in its red-giant phase in the case of Kepler-70b.
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