Gestational diabetes was defined as reporting gestational diabetes during the index pregnancy and reporting no history of diabetes before the index pregnancy.
The 196 DMPs in the current UCB study that show no correlation with gestational age do not overlap with the 29 DMPs that associate with preterm birth adjusted for gestational age reported previously.
Studies using non-ketogenic gestational diets report that MCT expression in the placenta decreases at the end of gestation [ 10], implying restricted ketone availability to the fetus.
This is consistent with the national average of 5 gestational months reported among facility users [ 19].
The overall incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension reported in this population of women with type 1 diabetes was 17 and 11%, respectively, in agreement with previous reports (1– 3).
Hair Mn concentrations were not associated with frequency of fruit, vegetable, grain, or tea consumption; prepregnancy BMI; average number of showers per day; gestational anemia reported by the women; iron supplementation during pregnancy; or hemoglobin levels (data not shown).
Ogihara et al. [ 14] in their study of 42 infants at <28 weeks of gestational age reported that serum KL-6 levels ≥232 U/mL at postpartum 14 days had an AUC of 0.8995, a sensitivity of 84%, and a specificity of 82% for predicting BPD.
We averaged these data over different pregnancy periods based on the birth date and gestational age reported on the birth certificate: first trimester (estimated first day of last menstrual period through day 92), second trimester (days 93-185), last 30 days of pregnancy, and the entire pregnancy.
We averaged these data over the following pregnancy periods, relying on the date of birth and gestational age reported on the birth certificate: first trimester (estimated first day of last menstrual period through day 92), second trimester (days 93 185), third trimester (day 186 through birth), and the entire pregnancy.
A systematic review by Alwan et al. 2009[ 4] focusing on treatment of gestational diabetes reported positive benefits on maternal preeclampsia (five trials, 1255 women; RR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.12) and macrosomia when any specific treatment is utilized versus routine antenatal care for GDM, however, results were not significant.
