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During the past few years, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has been developed into a powerful model organism suited for the study of short germ development, embryonic head and leg development, metamorphosis, cuticle metabolism, and other problems in insect biology.
In the early stage of tooth germ development, the bud of the dental epithelium is invaginated by the underlying mesenchyme, resulting in the formation of a cap-like folded shape.
Third, an interconnection of FFL and negative FBL is essential for intermediate germ development.
Hence, a hierarchy of FFLs and a variety of knockout responses are necessary features of the long germ development.
In particular by focusing on short germ development, they implemented embryo growth at the posterior end to understand ceasing temporal oscillation, known as "clock and wave front" model [71].
As we will see later, these three modes strikingly agree with long, short, and intermediate germ development in arthropod segmentation respectively, with regard to spatio-temporal gene expression and knockout responses.
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This is another hallmark of short-germ development, which the authors could discuss.
Previous studies, focused mostly on maternal and gap genes, had suggested that Nasonia uses a long-germ mode of embryogenesis, which evolved independently of long-germ development in flies.
This indirectly developing insect occupies an important phylogenetic position, branching basal to Diptera (including fruit flies) and Hymenoptera (including honeybees), and is an experimentally tractable model for short-germ development.
The identified differentially methylated genes were found to be involved in germ cell development, spermatogenesis, capacitation, and embryonic development.
During germ line development and sexual maturation, cDNMT3B expression was reestablished in a female germ cell-specific manner.
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