Primary germ cells that give rise to gametes.
Primary undifferentiated germ cells that will differentiate into sperm or oocytes.
The testes, where the germ cells that produce sperm are made, are in the scrotum, and are kept at a lower temperature than the rest of the body.
Furthermore, we show that chicken PGCs can be induced in vitro to differentiate into embryonic germ cells that contribute to somatic tissues.
This results in germ cells that in a sensitized genetic background lose their germ cell identity and adopt a neuronal fate.
Sponges are generally hermaphroditic (that is, having male and female germ cells in one animal); however, some sponge species are sequential hermaphrodites (that is, having male and female germ cells that develop at different times in the same animal).
Expression of bmm in the early embryo in G1 and the germ cells that become the G2 progeny conferred cardiac protection to acute or parental HFD in G2 flies (Fig. 5e and Supplementary Figure 4h-l).
The testes contain germ cells that differentiate into mature spermatozoa, supporting cells called Sertoli cells, and testosterone-producing cells called Leydig (interstitial) cells.
For this purpose, we expressed bmm with a germline-specific driver, nos-Gal4, which resulted in bmm expression in the embryo at the mid-blastoderm stage (zygotic transcription start) through gastrulation as well as in the germ cells that give rise to the following generation28 (Fig. 5a, b and Supplementary Figure 4a, b).
By analyzing patterns of concordance for autism among twin pairs, we identify a central mechanism for this association: de novo mutations, which are deletions, insertions, and duplications of DNA in the germ cells that are not present in the parents' DNA sequence.
We have made the surprising discovery that germ cells that escape their niche appear capable of inducing naïve somatic cells to take on the role of the niche cells.
