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The biological process involved in the transgenerational disease phenotype involves the epigenetic programming of the germ cells during the critical period of gonadal sex determination [10], [11].
We speculate that general compactness of genomic loci of PK genes predominantly expressed in the testis [39], small size of their pre-mRNAs and reduced number of introns (Table 1) are likely dictated by the need for intense transcription in germ cells during the relatively short developmental time frame.
At this stage, spermatogenetic activity is limited to spermatogonia recrudescence after testicular involution and the resorption of the remaining germ cells during the post-spawning stage.
The N-terminally truncated DNMT3A isoform DNMT3A2 is expressed in male germ cells during the late gestational period when sperm-specific DNA methylation imprints are established (30).
Our cell cycle gene expression analysis has highlighted several important cell cycle mechanisms utilized by XY and XX germ cells during the crucial time of sex differentiation in the developing gonads.
The expression pattern of p85 observed in the testis is supported by data from Kissel et al [ 36] who showed that Kit-mediated PI3K signalling is critical for the development of male germ cells during the pre-meiotic stages.
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It is likely that the marsupial orthologues of these factors are expressed in germ cells during this time but this awaits future confirmation.
The expression of PAR6 was high in the cytoplasm of somatic cells but was not observed in germ cells during these stages (Fig. 1A,B, and data not shown).
If a particular gene is expressed in germ cells during spermatogenesis, the corresponding transcript will appear in the testis at a post-partum time-point corresponding to the specific stage of spermatogenesis.
The primordial germ cells during migration down the genital ridge undergo an erasure of DNA methylation that then is initiated to re-methylate at the time of gonadal sex determination in a sex-specific manner [ 19].
The primordial germ cells during migration down the genital ridge undergo a DNA methylation erasure that then upon gonadal sex determination the DNA re-methylation is initiated in a sex-specific manner [ 19].
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