Their achievements in geometry and geometrical astronomy materialized in instruments for drawing conic sections and, above all, in the beautiful brass astrolabes with which they reduced to the turn of a dial the toil of calculating astronomical quantities.
CAR's unique measurement geometry allows a comparison of measurements acquired from different satellite instruments with various geometrical configurations, none of which are capable of obtaining such a complete and nearly instantaneous BRDF.
The geometrical imaging theory of this new instrument and the instrument design and evaluation are discussed.
Lipchitz's interest in new forms -- rounded, muscular shapes with convoluted lines, sometimes compactly massed, at others in baroquely agitated, occasionally overwrought arrangements -- took him a long way from the Cubist work that first brought him fame, the flat, geometrical renditions of harlequins, musicians, musical instruments, bathers and such.
Fundamental parameters were taken from the internal database of PyMCA, geometrical parameters were directly measured and instrumental parameters obtained from the instrument description and refined by the measurements of reference materials and a metallic Pb sample (flux 3.4 × 107 photons/s, time 300 s, detector active area 0.25 cm2, distance 2 cm) [13].
Although instrumental constructions are mechanical constructions, they can nonetheless give rise to geometrical curves precisely because the motions of the instruments are "clearly and distinctly" conceived.
Therefore it is important to develop visual instruments in order to unveil the geometrical mechanisms lying behind the final results.
These geometrical influences on the peak shapes assume that the instrument is well defined and perfect, when in reality this may not be the case, e.g. alignment of the focus with the sample surface and with the detector strip.
That such motions are completed by instruments does not threaten the constructed curve's geometrical status.
Developments in this field might lead to the construction of an independent, geometrical cosmic distance ladder using a dedicated project and future generation instruments.
