Our study thus confirms that mechanisms of adaptive speciation are not necessarily mutually exclusive and uncovers the complex ecology-geography interactions that underlie the evolution of mating isolation in nature.
For the discrete differentiation between two major genetic groups, environment has larger contribution than geography, and we also identified a significant environment-by-geography interaction effect.
In addition, the environment-by-geography interaction is further confirmed by the finding that water availability is represented by different environmental factors in the allopatric and sympatric regions.
Our review of the literature for commonalities and central concepts revealed two primary dimensions that apply regardless of organization type, size, industry, or geography: people interactions and response to change.
It is not clear whether these historical differences are due to geography, competitive interactions between the two species, or other factors not accounted for here.
In an information era, mobile ICT provide ubiquitous information and communication across multiple geographies, expanding interaction with locations to include both the physical and virtual.
Unlike algorithmic game theory formulations, agent-based modeling software is often designed to represent detailed geographies, rich interaction topologies, nuanced agent learning, and complex agent behaviors.
That's because pollution concentration levels vary significantly depending on weather patterns, time of day, geography, sun exposure, interactions between airborne chemicals, and a host of other variables.
A reader already convinced that understanding the geography of ecologic interactions is essential to public health disease modeling may want to pick up a more technical book that addresses ecologic niche modeling in detail.
A deeper understanding of the geography of social interaction potential is nonetheless important, for it is individuals' social opportunities rather than their preferences and actual choices that are most directly amenable to policy intervention.
He extends his insights into the interactions between geography and societies to explore how man's interaction with his environment affects societies.
