Evidence suggests that the second round of the 2008 presidential election in Zimbabwe corresponds to such a case, and statistical analysis of the geographical distribution of violence around the time of the election indicates that areas of opposition weakness did indeed suffer more violence.
In order to do that, researchers need more data on daily death rates and geographical variations in violence as they relate to close mayoral elections, government crackdowns on crime, diversions of drug traffic, and changing alliances and rivalries between cartels.
Little is known about the factors that drive the geographical distribution of partner violence or how macro-level factors might combine with individual-level factors to affect individual women's risk of intimate partner violence.
Figure 2 plots all removal episodes for reasons of breakdown in doctor patient relationship or violence (excluding geographical removals) by Health Board in Scotland between 1999 and 2011.
Central American countries are marked by the extraordinary geographical beauty but also extreme violence.
As the history of associations between cartography, intelligence, and strategy indicates, planning and executing violence is always geographical, including that violence organized by and between states.
According to the routine activities theory (Cohen and Felson 1979), crime scientists would expect to see more daytime violence patterns in geographical areas where large groups of people congregate (e.g. commercial, recreational, transportation areas) or where groups of people are intermingling (e.g. transportation hubs, restaurants/bars).
Nighttime violence patterns in geographical areas may be dominated by areas with higher percentages of vacant land, public transportation hubs near high population density residential areas, or commercial areas (with late-night/24-h businesses, especially those serving alcohol) that lack effective place managers.
Thus, a scenario of violence and political and geographical fragmentation is most likely in the near future, or at least for as long as the consensual, national democratic alternative is not adopted in Arab countries and societies".
The analysis also reveals that narco-related violence does not spread by geographical proximity, as an epidemic would.
