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The Islamic State (also known as ISIS, ISIL, or Daesh) always differed from other radical Islamist movements in their willingness to create a "caliphate," or a geographical state of their own.
This method uses likelihood approaches to estimate region-dependent rates of speciation, extinction and dispersal using phylogeny and geographical state information [ 12, 35].
No statistically significant associations were found between better quality service (best and medium groups) and the geographical state or number of years since the service was established.
Patient sample size for each categorical subset including year, age group, and geographical state can be seen in Additional file 1: Tables S1-S7.
For much of that history, the Jews managed to maintain their heritage and cultural identity in the absence of a geographical state.
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This model has four temporal or geographical states that are characterized by different abundances of small mammals, and eight transitions that prompt shifts from one state to another.
We used five geographical states corresponding to the islands where Cheirolophus is present: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera, La Palma, and El Hierro.
The geographical component incorporated into the Bayesian analysis also allowed us to reconstruct ancestral geographical states and assign probabilities to the movements.
Depending on the species analysed we used four to seven geographical states (locations) corresponding to the islands from which each species was sampled.
Given our limited data set with low representation of many countries, we defined the geographical states as six coherent regions roughly corresponding to areas separated by known topotype boundaries.
We make use of a new approach that integrates spatial and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, allowing ancestral geographical states to be co-estimated with the phylogeny, evolutionary rate, and coalescence times [ 32].
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