If the title of the piece refers to the war's frontline, it also makes a comment on the things that divide us: geographical borders, language, culture.
No geographical or language restrictions were imposed.
For instance, reviewers may give different scores to papers of equal merit by authors with different personal characteristics (e.g. gender, geographical origin, language, institutional affiliation).
Ethnicity may be defined as the social group a person belongs to because of a shared culture, history, geographical origin, language, diet, physical, genetic and other factors [ 1].
The results of the study (see Table 5) show that the scores received by papers in peer review depend strongly on the characteristics of the first author (gender, geographical location, language and prestige of the author's institution).
Ethnicity may be defined as the social group a person belongs to, which implies shared culture, history, geographical origins, language, lifestyle factors, and physical, genetic and other factors (14).
There are also many other important ethnicity-related variables including current geographical location, language spoken at home, country of birth, number of years living in the UK and religion.
Studies of potential bias with respect to other author characteristics (e.g. bias for or against authors from particular geographical areas, language bias, bias in favor of authors from high prestige institutions) have been less frequent but have also produced contrasting results, comprehensively reviewed by Lee and colleagues.
While, the academic community strives to identify the best approach to assess the quantity and quality of research production between different geographical boundaries, languages and scientific disciplines, most scientists agree on the utility of the impact factor as well as additional adjusted indicators for international comparisons [ 9].
H3: Geographical proximity of language speakers We assign each country with its primary language (the language that the majority of its population speaks) and compute the average distance between all permutations of countries where language i or j are spoken.
By the 11th century, Diaspora Jews lived in a Talmudic culture that united them and that superseded geographical boundaries and language differences.
