To fill this gap, the objectives of this paper were to conduct a large-scale international survey focusing on university partnerships for urban sustainability in industrialised Europe, Asia and North America to (1) determine defining features such as focus areas, geographical scales, mechanisms, actors and motivations, and (2) identify commonly encountered drivers, barriers and potential impacts.
One of these frameworks, which have been used to include also geographical aspects, is actor network theory [ 13, 14].
Pinole, a Mexican traditional sweet, has recently been reconceptualised as 'heritage' by various actors across geographical levels: local Mexican farmers, transmigrant workers in Philadelphia, and the international food movement Slow Food.
Instrumental variable estimation will commonly require collection of data on variables that are not routinely available in health systems and ART programmes, such as data on weather conditions, geographical distance between market actors, or a country's cultural history.
A social innovation is considered to have a broad potential if it can be adopted by many actors in different geographical and sectoral settings.
These broad definitions allow inclusion of various types of participation, assessment, and policy making, practiced in and designed for several societal, institutional and geographical contexts by many different actors.
"By joining forces in the nationwide campaign to reach all children in Myanmar regardless of their race, religion, or geographical location, government, non-state actors and civil society commit to put children above all other considerations and sources of division.
Collaborative working in construction is becoming a reality as many activities are performed globally with actors based in various geographical locations.
Settings of urban violence often comprise a diverse number of armed actors operating within a limited geographical space, and this presents a considerable challenge for negotiating access and obtaining security guarantees for international humanitarian aid agencies.
In this sense, crossborder planning is understood as a result of the interaction between regional actors and the social constructed values and meanings (geographical, cultural, social, economic, historical, etc).
