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Multi-regional input-output analysis (MRIO) allows for including trade between different regions as well as geographic differentiation of economic and environmental aspects.
We consider groups A and C separate, as we assume that groups containing more than one haplotype should not show geographic differentiation of the two haplotypes.
While these data together suggest geographic differentiation of var genes within Africa, we have interpreted this observation with care as the paucity of shared var types may simply reflect shallow sampling in any site (Figure S2).
Nevertheless, geographic differentiation of the clonal complexes occurred.
Some geographic differentiation of the clonal complexes appears to have occurred (Table 2).
These results show that natural selection can drive the geographic differentiation of interspecific interactions at surprisingly small spatial scales.
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To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of genetically determined geographic differentiation for sleep behavior in Drosophila.
Previous analyses have shown mixing and lack of geographic differentiation within our sample of European strains (all but one from the United Kingdom; see also Materials and Methods), a critical requirement for estimating fitness effects.
Furthermore, although mtDNA and Y-chromosome markers routinely demonstrate informative geographic differentiation, the comparison of uni-parental marker sets, if chosen, would require particular care since the two regions have a proportion of shared mtDNA and Y-chromosome lineages resulting from past gene-flow across the western Mediterranean [3] [21].
These findings demonstrate that the geographic differentiation among genomes of S. islandicus (generated by recombination) is concentrated in regions prone to greater evolutionary rates likely because of their reduced gene dosage and probable reduced expression.
The lack of geographic differentiation, coupled with the low genetic diversity of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica in the United States, is consistent with rapid transmission of a recently emerged pathogen across great distances.
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