One test of an abusive tax shelter is whether it has a legitimate business purpose or genuine economic substance, like real loans, with money at risk, or real investments.
But I haven't seen a genuine opening about loans.
Yet such doubts and qualifications notwithstanding, few deny that some degree of bad debt reduction was genuine and that overall loan quality among Chinese banks has improved from the worst of times.
One option is a margin loan, using the genuine value of Indian ports in particular as collateral.
Last month, he said that now, with hindsight, he could see that the loans were not genuine.
In many cases the signature was photocopied or printed, then traced over with a felt-tip pen.The investigators found little evidence that any of the Saudi borrowers in TIBC's $2.2 billion loan-book were genuine.
It meant West Germany would only pay from genuine earnings, without recourse to new loans.
There was genuine disbelief when Bellamy first arrived on loan from Manchester City in 2010, a signing that gave Cardiff's Premier League ambitions much-needed substance, stardust and steel.
She added, "If good, genuine objects are available to collectors and collecting institutions abroad on extended loan, by exchange, or by legitimate purchase, the demand for material that now fuels the black market will all but cease to exist".
French newspaper La Voix du Nord has obtained documentation showing that Coulibaly took out a €6,000 $7,0000, £4,600) loan from provider Cofidis in Villeneuve-d'Ascq, Lille, on 4 December, using a genuine ID card and fraudulent payslip.
