A characteristic suite of genomic modifications, including reduced genome size, skewed %G+C, elevated mutation rates and loss of genes of core metabolism, has been identified through analysis of genomes of a number of obligate intracellular symbionts [9].
The corresponding leuAfbr gene devoid of the attenuator region and under control of a strong promoter was integrated in one, two or three copies into the genome and combined with additional genomic modifications aimed at increasing l-leucine production.
Significantly, hybridization and polyploidy are often accompanied by extensive transposition of TEs, leading to new genomic modifications and changes in genome size (Liu and Wendel 2000; Shan et al. 2005; Josefsson et al. 2006; Ungerer et al. 2006; Kawakami et al. 2010; Parisod et al. 2010; Piednoël et al. 2013).
We have adapted a bacterial CRISPR RNA/Cas9 system to precisely engineer the Drosophila genome and report that Cas9-mediated genomic modifications are efficiently transmitted through the germline.
Our demonstration that the CRISPR RNA/Cas9 system can be used to create and transmit precise genomic modifications in Drosophila opens the door to rapid engineering of the genome to investigate gene function and regulation.
The Cre/loxP system has been used to perform a variety of genomic modifications including insertions, deletions, translocations and inversions at specific sites in the genome.
"Gene editing technologies like CRISPR have dramatically improved how researchers make genomic modifications.
Recent studies have shown that zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are powerful reagents for making site-specific genomic modifications.
The successful introduction of conjugation and blue-white screening, using β-glucuronidase, enabled tailored genomic modifications within ten days.
We collectively tested 33 genomic modifications and constructed more than 100 genetic variants for combinatorially exploring the metabolic landscape.
This process referred to as AAV-mediated gene targeting has enabled the introduction of a diverse array of genomic modifications both in vitro and in vivo.
