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Bringing together two divergent genomes into a common genetic background can induce a variety of genomic changes including genome instability, changes in chromatin, and transcriptome shock [7], [76] [79].
The success of polyploids is often attributed to their genomic changes including genomic stability, chromosomal rearrangement, genome size and differential gene expression, which allows polyploids to adapt to new ecological niches or to be competitively superior to the parental diploids [ 16].
We have identified several small scale genomic changes, including insertions and deletions of coding and noncoding sequences.
This plasticity provides the ability to withstand large, rapid genomic changes including diploidization, and leads to the development of new phenotypes and adaptations.
In contrast, MPNSTs are characterized by complexe genomic changes including inactivation of TP53 and RB1 and amplification of EGFR, HGF, and MET[ 3].
The non-recurrent translocation group tends to show complex genomic changes including gains/amplifications and deletions in multiple chromosomal regions, [ 3, 6] or activating mutations (e.g. KIT and PDGFRA) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).
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Thus, we suggest that myeloma-related genomic changes include the endothelial genome and constitute the basis for increased tumor neovascularization and growth.
This work should be extended in the future to account for other types of genomic alteration (including changes in copy number or alterations of noncoding regions), and refined to address spatiotemporal issues (such as tumour subtypes, stages or grades).
Remarkably stage 4+ disease appears to have very few genomic alterations when compared with Stage 1 and 4- implying that MYCN amplification is sufficient to drive these tumors to an aggressive phenotype, and although other genomic changes occur, including loss of 1p36 as shown by us and others [ 40], it does not require extensive changes.
Structural variations are the main source of genomic variation, having been associated with important phenotypic changes, including several rare and complex diseases in humans [ 27].
We recently hypothesized that a common regulatory trait for these abundant and long-lasting changes in gene expression relates to epigenetic changes such as genomic DNA methylation [ 34, 35] as well as specific chromatin changes, including histone tail modification.
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