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Fungi possess genetic recognition "heterokaryon" loci that allow somatic fusion between sufficiently similar genotypes [ 9].
Genetic recognition also needs to be demonstrated against the variable genetic and environmental backgrounds typical of natural populations [15, 33].
Cooperation based on genetic recognition cues is paradoxical because it disproportionately benefits individuals with common phenotypes, which should erode the required cue polymorphism.
The origin and maintenance of polymorphic genetic recognition cues remains incompletely understood despite substantial theoretical and empirical research (e.g. [ 15, 17, 21- 24]).
First, genetic recognition and mate preferences need to be demonstrated against normally variable genetic and environmental backgrounds typical of natural populations.
Our model and the available empirical data suggest that selection from disassortative mating may be an important mechanism maintaining variation in genetic recognition cues across diverse taxa.
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The acquired data emphasizes the value of genetic variability recognition among populations.
Previous models of genetic kin recognition have mostly assumed random mating and haploidy (precluding heterozygosity), so the effect of mating systems on Crozier's paradox is currently unclear.
The simulations reaffirm that genetic kin recognition presents an evolutionary paradox [ 15], and demonstrate that disassortative mating provides a potential resolution.
Genetic nonself recognition systems such as vegetative incompatibility operate in many filamentous fungi to regulate hyphal fusion between genetically dissimilar individuals and to restrict the spread of virulence-attenuating mycoviruses that have potential for biological control of pathogenic fungi.
Although there is no direct evidence that genetic kin recognition is used to inform cooperative behaviour, males have been found to preferentially lek next to relatives in a few species [ 105- 108], in at least one case independently of familiarity [ 106].
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