In contrast to CML where the bcr abl fusion forms the homogenous genetic basis of the disease [ 49], MDS show a profound heterogeneity, not only on the morphologic and clinical level but also on the genetic presentation.
The familial form of IPAH, which accounts for 6% of all cases, shows genetic anticipation, presentation occurring at a younger age in successive generations.
To support the diagnosis of these atypical presentations genetic testing could be beneficial, help to prevent clinical mismanagement and avoid costs.
While differing in clinical presentations, genetic predisposing factors or histopathological substrates, all these neurological disorders are characterized by progressive and relentless loss of neuronal cell populations within the CNS, leading to severe neurological deficits.
Nonetheless, much remained to be understood about the clinical presentation, genetic and environmental risk factors, and effective means of treatment and prevention for CTE.
DLBCL not otherwise specified (referred to henceforth as DLBCL) is a heterogeneous entity in terms of clinical presentation, genetic findings, response to therapy, and prognosis.
Based on genetic and clinical presentation, GBM has been classified into two subtypes.
The pathogenesis of DDH includes: susceptibility to the X chromosome, genetic mutation, breech presentation, swaddling position, and mechanical factors of hip joint during acquired environment [ 3- 5].
Asian and Western patients with lung cancer have different characteristics for epidemiology (e.g. risk factors, demographics, and genetic susceptibility), clinical presentation, tumor biomarkers (e.g. EGFR and K-Ras mutation), response to target therapies, and prognosis.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy with a high degree of biological and genetic heterogeneity at presentation and a great variability in terms of clinical outcome in response to chemotherapy.
