For rarer diseases, population screening is less useful due to low positive predictive values, but genetic prediction could be applied when patients present with early symptoms.
So far most genetic prediction studies have shown that the predictive performance of genetic risk models is poor, with some exceptions such as those for age-related macular degeneration, hypertriglyceridemia and Crohn's disease [ 6– 8].
These tests are useful in a range of medical specialisms, including infectious disease, oncology, human leukocyte antigen typing (which investigates and predicts immune function), coagulation, and pharmacogenomicsthe genetic prediction of which drugs will work best.
The aim of genetic prediction is to construct a model to predict the phenotype of interest using the genotype data from individuals for whom the (potentially future) phenotypic state is unknown.
Some diseases might be difficult to predict due to poor current understanding of the underlying genetics, whereas others might never be tractable to genetic prediction.
Genetic prediction is mainly applied in the context of genetic counseling by predicting the risk of genetic disorders with known mono- or oligogenetic modes of inheritance and a certain history of cases in a known family structure, but accurate predictions of genetic predispositions to human diseases should also be useful for preventive and personalized medicine (de los C ampos et al. 2010).
Irrespective of predictive power, there are a number of benefits of such genetic prediction over classical alternatives.
Due to the complexity of breeding for multiple abiotic stresses, and to the large diversity within and among taxa and species of oilseed crops, the breeding process will have to be enabled by more complex models and genetic prediction methodologies.
The ethical concerns related to pediatric participation in genetic research derive from the study designs commonly employed in gene discovery and from the power accorded to genetic prediction in our society.
Despite the large sample sizes, family history in a close relative is still the best genetic prediction method for BD, and other molecular methods may be helpful to address the genetics of non-Mendelian disorders (Craddock and Sklar 2013; Schulze 2010).
Furthermore, the goal of genetic prediction of disease is to identify at-risk individuals before they develop co-morbidities such as hyperglycemia and hypertension.
