This heterogeneity both at the clinical and genetic levels complicates the identification of causative mutations.
Advances in molecular and cell biology have provided us with an understanding of the mechanisms of disease at the molecular and genetic levels.
The physiologic basis of therapy is reaching down to the molecular and genetic levels while future reconstructive surgery will be with tissue engineering, organogenesis, or intelligent prostheses.
We then explore the implications of the dynamical and nonlinear nature of development on the evolution of their size and shape at the phenotypic and genetic levels.
In Pseudomonas strains, the metabolic pathway from eugenol via ferulic acid to vanillin has been characterised at the enzymic and molecular genetic levels.
An ecological way is the development of insect-resistant cultivars through molecular approaches coupled with well-defined mechanisms of action at transcriptome and genetic levels.
In addition, reports indicate that both carbon-based and metal-based ENMs affect plants differently at the physiological, biochemical, nutritional, and genetic levels.
The companies -- NTT DoCoMo, the J-Phone Corporation, the KDDI Corporation and Tu-ka Cellular Tokyo Inc. -- said that as a first step they would collaborate on a study to examine the effects of radio waves both at the cell and genetic levels.
Algorithms based on cross-generational selection, Gray coding of genes prior to mutation, and crossover recombination at different genetic levels, evolved optimized ANN identical to the baseline genetic strategy.
The 4S or Dsz sulfur specific pathway for dibenzothiophene (DBT) and alkyl-substituted DBTs, widely used as model S-heterocyclic compounds, has been extensively studied at the physiological, biochemical and genetic levels mainly in Gram-positive bacteria.
For future studies, we suggest more intensive analyses on protist stress responses to specific environmental abiotic and/or biotic stressors at molecular and genetic levels up to ecological consequences and food web dynamics.
