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The first one is simply that no matter what form life takes, no matter how alien a creature appears, it turns out in the end to be close genetic kin, with concerns fundamentally similar to ours.
However, it should be noted that the actual occurrence of kin recognition based on matching with one's own phenotypic cues is widely debated, and new theory indicates that genetic kin recognition is inherently unstable [37], [38].
In groups of relatives, an individual reducing its reproduction can be favored if this sufficiently benefits genetic kin.
The simulations reaffirm that genetic kin recognition presents an evolutionary paradox [ 15], and demonstrate that disassortative mating provides a potential resolution.
Previous models of genetic kin recognition have mostly assumed random mating and haploidy (precluding heterozygosity), so the effect of mating systems on Crozier's paradox is currently unclear.
Our models show that mate choice is one possible resolution of the paradox of genetic kin recognition, and the literature review suggests that genetic recognition cues simultaneously inform assortative cooperation and disassortative mating in a large range of taxa.
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Hamilton reasoned that, by genetic logic, kin should help kin when the benefit outweighs the cost, but help is discounted by distance of relationship.
Both genetic and affinal kin are referred to as kin.
This study furthers our understanding of the factors influencing group stability by revealing that instability may originate from genetic fragmentation within kin groups and, in societies where kinship structure is a primary organizing principle, it may be at the level of the matriline that instability has its primary effects.
They were then asked to list all their known and living relatives, including both genetic and affinal kin.
We used three criteria for relationship strength: being in the inner layer of the personal network, genetic relatedness for kin, and time known for friends.
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