An obvious genetic deviation from Hardy Weinberg expectation was observed both among and within landraces and a considerable genetic variation was revealed within rather than among landraces.
It is possible that a genetic deviation in a different gene leads to those conditions and that CD40 therefore by proxy is a culprit in autoimmune disease.
This genetic deviation was not due to reduced viability of Rpn13−/− embryos since examining the embryonic development of Rpn13−/− mice at 8.5, 10.5, 11.5 and 13.5 embryonic age did not reveal any clear alterations in Mendelian ratios or pathological abnormalities that could explain the reduced number of Rpn13-deficient mice (not shown).
This genetic deviation in the MHC region is consistent with an immune component to schizophrenia risk.
This genetic deviation was also supported by the clinical data of our study population.
Number of alleles (NA), inbreeding (FIS), overall genetic deviation (FIT), and divergences (FST) were calculated across loci and samples with Fstat v2.9.3.2 [ 121, 122].
When the average genetic deviation score (GDS) and the average morphological deviation score (MDS) were compared among populations there was a slight, but insignificant, negative correlation between the two measures (Fig. 5, r = −0.23, P = 0.26).
They are defined as 'the sum of the estimate of genetic deviation and the weighted sum of estimates of breed effects' (Van Vleck et al., 1992), which are predicted using phenotypic data from family pedigrees based on the additive infinitesimal model (Fisher 1918).
Assuming 100% higher economic weight for PT (economic weights 2 1), the average difference in TMI was 2.1 genetic standard deviations, and 1.9 genetic standard deviations, assuming 50% higher economic weight for PT (economic weights 3 2).
In absolute terms, for the Normande breed, the average difference was 0.3 genetic standard deviations greater for the elite group than the "randomly selected" group.
