There are several other problems, population and anthropogenic pressures, genetic constraints.
There are, in fact, genetic constraints on the range of stimuli to which most precocial animals will imprint.
The origin of cryptic species has traditionally been associated with events of recent speciation, genetic constraints, selection of an adaptive character, sexual selection and/or convergent evolution.
This effect is different from other linkage effects described in the literature and we argue that it represents a new class of genetic constraints.
We also use fitness graphs in order to give a new brief proof of the equivalent characterizations of fitness landscapes lacking genetic constraints on accessible mutational trajectories.
Genetic consequences of niche construction: Plasticity-mediated genetic constraints on the evolution of seed dispersal in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Some argue that these relationships are the result of genetic constraints that limit variation in shape and size.
Gene degeneration or loss can significantly contribute to phenotypic diversification, but may generate genetic constraints on future evolutionary trajectories, potentially restricting phenotypic reversal.
An important alternative approach, "pluralism", invokes historical contingency and developmental and genetic constraints, in addition to natural selection, as important causes of the evolution of a trait.
Optimality models put the contingencies of history and developmental and genetic constraints in to the background so as to focus on natural selection.
The constraint set may include developmental and genetic constraints on variation and transmission, but it is natural selection that drives evolution and so explains the trait given those constraints.
