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Weinreich, D. M., Watson, R. A. & Chao, L. Perspective: sign epistasis and genetic constraint on evolutionary trajectories.
For independent variables, in addition to the target genetic phenotypes, indications, and modality used for the enrichment analysis, we obtained drug delivery route information, expression breadth information, and population genetic constraint.
Developmental and genetic constraint hypotheses do not invoke causal processes in the same way that adaptive hypotheses do.
This increased genetic constraint in comparison to the average metabolic pathway may relate to a relative lack of gene duplicates in these pathways.
These pathways showed significant genetic constraint but no statistical support for developmental constraints most likely due to the difference in photosynthetic capacity between roots and shoots.
Of importance, these data also further support the hypothesis that nonpeptide nGPCR duplicates were preferentially retained after WGD as a result of low genetic constraint.
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There are several other problems, population and anthropogenic pressures, genetic constraints.
There are, in fact, genetic constraints on the range of stimuli to which most precocial animals will imprint.
The origin of cryptic species has traditionally been associated with events of recent speciation, genetic constraints, selection of an adaptive character, sexual selection and/or convergent evolution.
This effect is different from other linkage effects described in the literature and we argue that it represents a new class of genetic constraints.
We also use fitness graphs in order to give a new brief proof of the equivalent characterizations of fitness landscapes lacking genetic constraints on accessible mutational trajectories.
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