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miRNAs were normalized to let-7c, whereas genes were normalized to Ppia.
Expression levels of desired genes were normalized to those of GAPDH as a reference gene.
Expression levels for pluripotency genes were normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH.
Counts of reads with perfect matches to the antisense strand between transcriptional start and end of annotated genes were normalized to gene lengths.
Expression levels of genes were normalized to those of the endogenous control (GAPDH).
The transcript abundance of OsOPT genes were normalized to transcripts per million.
Transcription levels of the target genes were normalized to the housekeeping gene PGK1 using a standard curve method.
The levels of mRNA of all the genes were normalized to α-actin mRNA level using the 2−ΔΔCt method.
Expression levels of target genes were normalized to 18s RNA.
Expression values for target genes were normalized to the concentration of 18S rRNA.
The arrays and genes were normalized to the median of chips and genes.
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