Average rates of change for Arachis genes were estimated at 8.12 × 10−9 KS/year.
Moreover, the selection pressures of the E6, E7, and L1 genes were estimated.
Transcript levels of the homologous genes were estimated by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in different organs of P. × zhaiguanheibaiyang and P. Deltoides 'Zhonglin2025' (a broad-crown poplar).
The copy numbers of the cidA and cidB genes were estimated per Wolbachia genome, for four laboratory lines, on male and female adults and a pool of larvae at the earliest stage, by real-time q-PCR with a Roche Light Cycler.
Haplotypes of the 30 SNPs in ADH genes were estimated by PHASE2.1 [75], [75].
In our study only 3% of the 300 genes were estimated to be nonsignificant whereas in another study using MPSS measurements more than 20% of 127 genes were deemed to be nonsignificant [27].
The evolutionary relationships among 61 Hox-related genes were estimated by performing three separate phylogenetic analyses (neighbor-joining [77], Bayesian inference [109], [110], and maximum-likelihood [111] on the 60 amino acids of the homeodomain (Figure 1).
The transcript amounts for the target genes were estimated from the respective standard curves and normalized to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (forward 5'-CATCTCTGCCCCCTCTGCTGA-3'and reverse 5'-GGATGACCTTGCCCACAGCCT-3') transcript amount determined in corresponding samples.
The expression levels of the predicted target genes were estimated by qPCR.
Codon frequencies for the brain-specific genes were estimated by Semon and co-workers [ 47].
Selection constraints on the genes were estimated by replacement (Ka) to silent (Ks) ratio [ 32].
