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To confirm that the loss of the ability of cholestyramine-treated crude bile to induce Vp-PAI genes was caused by depletion of bile acids, we examined the effect of addition of supplementary bile salts to cholestyramine-treated crude bile on vtrB-lacZ transcriptional activity (Fig. 4E).
Thus, it is most likely that the duplication of both genes was caused by a single event.
The hypothesis that the common set of genes was caused by pure chance was clearly rejected (P-value = 1.07·10-42) [ 12].
In an effort to clarify the "cluster" definition, simulations were conducted to determine if the distribution observed in the NBS-LRR genes was caused by chance (see Methods).
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It was an early example of an epigenetic phenomenon, whereby changes in the expression of genes are caused not by alterations in the DNA itself but by non-genetic factors.
The deregulation of these genes is caused by similar histological changes in the studied tissues.
The changes noted in the acetylation state of osmoregulated genes are caused mainly in the transcription start site (TSS) region.
Among these genes, 797, 1,351, and 562 genes were caused by the cis only, trans only, and CT effects, respectively (fig. 6 A and B).
It is possible that the observed nucleotide and codon preferences in highly expressed genes are caused by preference of these cleavage-promoting amino acids.
It is likely that the increases in entropy associated with specific genes are caused by a higher frequency of underlying mutations, losses or epigenetic silencing.
At the same time, the dominant Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 genes are caused only by large deletions in the first intron [ 11].
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