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That single-celled creature had already evolved clusters of genes that worked together to do particular jobs, like dividing cells or resisting stress.
Some people, however, had versions of genes that worked better in that new situation - dealt better with those new foods - and carriers of those genes had more surviving children.
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Elizabeth Speliotes, a genetic epidemiologist at the University of Michigan and senior author, said: "Looking at obesity, we didn't necessarily expect to see genes that work in the brain.
In yeast, for example, he and his colleagues identified 68 genes that work together to build cell walls.
These are not characters from a Damon Runyon story but a crew of genes that work together to switch other genes on and off.
By inactivating two genes that work to suppress tumors, they got mouse muscle cells to revert to a younger state, start dividing and help repair tissue.
Sex adds new genes to flailing communities, but it can also break apart sets of genes that work well together.
The reason is that FOXP2 is likely one of several genes that work in concert to support speech and language.
Clusters of genes that work together to produce a product (e.g., a secondary metabolite) may show coordinated changes in evolutionary rates because of increased or decreased utilization of those genes over evolutionary time.
After detecting a harmful buildup of unfolded proteins, the endoplasmic reticulum sends a signal to the nucleus that activates genes that work to fix the problem.
Right now we know of about 35 genes that work together in some sort of cryptic combination to put somebody at greater risk of developing lupus.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com