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Another successful mechanism of resistance is the hypersensitive response, where plants engineer R genes that recognize specifically their assailants.
Pyramiding of R genes that recognize different P. infestans effectors, whether they be multiple variants of ipiO or unrelated effectors such as avrRpi-blb2, will be important in battling this disease at the breeding level.
In that context, partial resistance could be due to defective R genes that recognize with low efficiency pathogens and trigger weak defense response [ 65].
This was an expected finding consistent with the hypothesis that partial resistance is due, in part, to defective R genes that recognize with low efficiency pathogens and trigger weak defense response.
One approach to raise the level of functional constraint facing the pathogen is to mine or engineer resistance genes that recognize molecules essential to the pathogen that cannot be deleted or modified without major consequence.
Additionally, a 41 bp direct repeat was located in psaA and psaB, and a shorter, 32 bp direct repeat was found in two serine transfer-RNA (trnS) genes that recognize different codons; trnS-GCU and trnS-UGA.
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Xa7 is a dominantly inherited TAL effector R gene that recognizes TAL effector proteins (Römer et al. 2009) and confers to race 1 (PXO61), race 2 (PXO86), and race 3 (PXO79) (Sidhu et al. 1978).
This type of resistance is turned on when the plants have a specific resistance (R) gene that recognizes the product of a corresponding pathogen gene known as the avirulence (avr) gene.
In the gene-for-gene system, when the host plant carries a resistance gene that recognizes a specific pathogen product encoded by the virulence allele, it mounts a resistance response.
A restriction enzyme (R) gene is usually linked with a modification enzyme (M) gene that recognizes the same target sequence and methylates it to prevent cleavage of DNA by the restriction enzyme.
GADD45 (or GADD45A) which is a p53-responsive gene that recognizes damaged chromatin and facilitates topoisomerase cleavage activity to cause DNA damage [ 65], was induced approximately 10-fold in WTSTS cells.
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