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Depression of immune function genes and lower levels of oxidative stress genes in small fish suggest diminished stress handling capabilities.
qPCR analysis confirmed up regulated expression of 13/15 877%) genes in small intestinal NETs compared to normal mucosa.
These findings support prediction (3), albeit based upon gene expression levels in white muscle tissue, whereas the up-regulation of signaling genes in small fish were previously based upon liver microarray findings [ 29].
Therefore, we developed the advanced method with the cell-defined siRNA microarray (CDSM), for functional analysis of genes in small scale within slide glass using human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs).
Recently, several instruments have been described that provide alternative formats to detect the expression of multiplexed genes in small samples.
In-situ SBM was designed to analyze methylation status of genes in small amount of DNA obtained from formalin fixed PEAT.
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There might also be important genes in smaller regions or in deleted regions, which were not immediately available from the original publication [3].
Driven essentially by random genetic drift, subfunctionalization has been identified as a possible non-adaptive mechanism for the retention of duplicate genes in small-population species, where widespread deleterious mutations are likely to cause complementary loss of subfunctions across gene copies.
To simplify the interpretation of tables and figures, we further classified the genes in smaller sub-pathways.
Genes in smaller gene families tend to be less diversified, so their functions are more likely to compensate each other, giving rise to genetic redundancy and robustness.
We found that large gene families in Picea had higher gene expression variation and higher rates of sequence divergence than genes in smaller gene families including single-copy genes.
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