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Genes have evolved over millions of years to bestow survival on their hosts by having very specific functions.
The sequenced genome offers a glimpse at the ancient horse and how equine genes have evolved.
It appears that the AAR genes have evolved by orchestrating a balance between codon usage and mRNA secondary structure.
We then examined natural E. coli genes and found that highly expressed genes have evolved more forcefully to minimize costs associated with their expression.
R genes have evolved in this ensuing "evolutionary warfare" in plants, akin to the mammalian adaptive immunity, to recognize pathogens which contain complementary avirulence genes (DeYoung and Innes 2006).
They found the "upstream" (chalcone synthase, and chalcone flavanone isomerase) anthocyanin pathway genes have evolved more slowly than the "downstream" genes (DFR, ANS, F3′H, F3′5′H, and F3GT) in all three species.
It seems that these cruciferous-specific MYB regulatory genes have evolved both overlapping and specific regulatory capacities.
Moreover, duplicated ADH genes have evolved to play different physiological functions and be regulated in different modes.
The results of broader sequencing efforts would also help to understand how so many different variable copies of these genes have evolved and are maintained in the genome.
Multiple genes have evolved to control the storage (Metallothionein genes), efflux (Slc30a; Znt genes) and uptake (Slc39a; Zip genes) of this metal (Reviewed by [2]).
However, our phylogenetic analyses show that these genes have evolved by recent duplications (within parabasalids) and, in most cases, one copy is more conserved than the others.
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